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Title	Feasibility of a hand-held non-mydriatic fundus camera in pediatric use: evaluating ease of use and image quality
Abstract Nr.	3012

Purpose	The aim of this study is the feasibility of a hand-held and nonmydriatic fundus camera in pediatric use. Feasibility is measured by two outcome measures: ease of use and image quality.
Methods	Pediatric patients (0-12years) visiting our ophthalmology clinic were considered for selection, regardless of eye disorder. Consent was obtained from patient’s legal guardian. Nonmydriatic macula-centered fundus images of both eyes of each subject were taken with Smartscope PRO retinal camera (Optomed Oy, Finland). Ease of use was graded on a Likert scale (1: image made after 1 attempt, 2: image made after 2 attempts, 3: image made after 3-5 attempts, 4: image made after more than 5 attempts, 5: no image was made). The image quality of the best photograph was graded from 1 to 5 (1: all details are well visualized, 2: most details are visualized, 3: macro details are visualized, microdetails aren’t visualized, 4: blurry image, details are difficult to visualize, 5: unclear image, no details).
Results	Fifty patients (range 23 months – 11 years) were included. The median rating for ease of use was 1. In children of 3 years or younger, a median rating of 2 was obtained. Considering image quality: a score ≤ 3 (acceptable to good quality) were obtained in 88% (85/97) of all patients and in 90% (72/80) of patients older than 3 years. In children younger than 3 years, 76% (13/17) of the photographs had a score ≤ 3. None of the pictures were graded a quality of 5. Photographs of both eyes could be taken in 48 (96%) patients.
Conclusion	Nonmydriatic fundus images could be taken in almost all the children, with improving easy of use and image quality with age. This makes it an easy tool in pediatric ophthalmology clinic and for bedside examination.
Conflict of interest	No

Authors 1

Last name	ODENT
Initials	S
Department	UZLeuven
City	Leuven

Authors 2

Last name	Casteels
Initials	I
Department	UZLeuven
City	Leuven

Authors 3

Last name	Cassiman
Initials	C
Department	UZLeuven
City	Leuven